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Timeline continued from If These Walls Could Talk
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Medical
alumni who graduated prior to the 1915 merger were given opportunity
to receive a new Emory University diploma in exchange for
one awarded by one of Emory’s forebear medical schools. |
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Evangeline
Papageorge
became the first woman appointed to the full-time medical
faculty. She would later become the school’s first female
administrator when she was appointed dean of students in 1956.
She is remembered fondly bylegions of alumni, whocreated the
Papageorge Teaching Award in her honor. |
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Like
Cy Strickler and Steward Roberts, volunteer faculty member
and renowned medical leader James Paullin
led Emory’s Department of Medicine. He served as president
of the American Medical Association, American College of Physicians,
and American Clinical and Climatological Society. |
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This
same year, Daniel Elkin, nephew of W.S. Elkin, became chair
of surgery till 1954. Heimproved the surgical curriculum,
elevating teaching to equal footing with clinical activities
and adding a year to the surgical residency.
Also this year, Yerkes Regional
Primate Research Center was established in Florida. Acquired
by Emory in 1956, it moved to Atlanta in 1965 and is now called
Yerkes National Primate Research |
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Emory
medical instruction at Grady Hospital, previously restricted
to the
African-American wards, was extended to the white wards as
well. |
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Coca-Cola
leader Robert W. Woodruff donated
$50,000 to found a cancer clinic named for his grandfather-known
today as the Winship Cancer Institute. To lead the cancer
clinic, he recruited Elliott Scarborough, who later was key
to the formation of The Emory Clinic. |
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At
the request of the US Surgeon General, Emory organized its
second Emory Unit (43rd General
Hospital, first organized in WWI) in preparation for service
in WWII. |
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This
same year, Luther Fischer deeded
Crawford W. Long Hospital to Emory, the gift to take effect
at his death. The hospital came under Emory management in
1953 and today is known as Emory Crawford Long Hospital. |
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Elizabeth
Gambrell,
who already held a PhD, became the first woman to be admitted
to Emory’s School of Medicine. |
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Eugene
Stead, 32M, already
chair of medicine, became dean. At 37, he was well on his
way to becoming one of the giants of American medicine. He
helped develop Georgia’s first cardiac catheterization
lab, at Grady hospital, at a time when there were only two
others in the world, in New York and London. A revered researcher
and teacher, he attracted other brilliant faculty to Emory,
including Paul Beeson, and helped propel the school towards
greatness. |
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Bruce
Logue established
Emorys first cardiology residency at Grady Hospital. Often
called the father of cardiology at Emory, Logue helped establish
a strong relationship between cardiology and cardiac surgery.
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Also
in 1946, Hugh Wood became dean,
serving till 1956.
Also this year, The VA Medical Center entered into an agreement,
stipulating that Emory would be responsible for patient care
in return for VA facilities for teaching and research. A new
facility for the VAMC opened its doors just east of campus
in 1966. |
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Phinizy
Calhoun Jr. per-formed the state’s first corneal transplant
at Emory University Hospital. |
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Cardiologist
J. Willis Hurst developed the first standard preparation
of digitalis for children.
Also this year, members of the Emory faculty established the
Private Diagnosticc Clinic to be closer to their patients
at Emory University Hospital. This clinic was the forerunner
to The Emory Clinic. |
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Also
in 1949, Phinizy Calhoun Jr. helped establish an eye bank
(the fifth ever established in the United States) to serve
patients in the Southeast needing cornea transplants.) |
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Emory
heart surgeon Osler Abbott performed the first intracardiac
operation in the Southeast for mitral valve stenosis. (This
was not yet “open heart” surgery, since the heart-lung
machine was not available until 1955.)
This same year, Richard Blumberg became Emory’s longest-serving
chair of pediatrics to date, retiring in 1981. |
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The
Woodruff Memorial Research Building,
named for Robert Woodruff’s father, was constructed
on Emory’s campus. |
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The
Emory Clinic was organized to enable physicians to maintain
private practices while also teaching and doing research at
Emory. Robert Woodruff funded the clinic, with the idea that
the clinic would be self-sustaining and would make the medical
school so as well. |
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Wesley
Woods
was founded to meet housing and health care needs of the elderly.
The 64-acre complex adjacent to Emory’s campus includes
the nation’s first freestanding geriatric hospital,
which opened in 1987. The medical school’s relationship
with Wesley Woods has helped make Emory a hub for pioneering
advances in geriatric care and research and in teaching geriatrics
as a specialty. |
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Arthur
Richardson became
dean, serving till 1979. Under his watch, Emory’s reputation
in teaching grew by leaps and bounds. |
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J.D.
Martin
became chair of surgery, serving till 1971. He integrated
the disparate surgical residency programs at Grady and Emory
hospitals and the VA Medical Center, to bring them together
as one unified program. |
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J.
Willis Hurst started a cardiac catheterization lab in a building
annexed to Emory University Hospital and appointed Robert
Franch to run it.
Henrietta Egleston Hospital for Children (now) Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston) relocated to the Emory
campus. It had opened originally in 1928 on Forest Avenue.
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The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was built adjacent
to Emory’s campus.
This same year, Emory University Hospital became one of eight
hospitals in the nation to establish an extensive clinical
research facility with the aid of grants from the US Public
Health Service. |
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Timeline
continued on All Heart |
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This
marriage between Grady Memorial Hospital and the Emory School of
Medicine is a bit like the betrothal of two opposites: the groom,
an urban hospital for the poor; the bride, an up-and-coming medical
school relocating to the suburbs. But like many wedded couples,
this opposite attraction has forged a strong relationship that brings
today’s cutting-edge teaching and research medical school
together with a patient-centered and socially conscious bulwark.
As noted in a 1938 Grady annual and still true, “The salient
point is that every advance carried forward the development of both.”
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Atlanta’s
first doctor arrived in 1846. By 1854, six years before Abraham
Lincoln took office, enough doctors flowed into Atlanta to form
Atlanta Medical College (AMC), the early ancestor of Emory School
of Medicine (SOM). In 1855, the cornerstone for the AMC was laid
at the intersection of Butler (now Jesse Hill Jr.) and Jenkins (now
Armstrong) streets, the site of the recently opened clinical training
and faculty building in the heart of the Grady campus.
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The
first 40 years of medical education in Atlanta existed without a
dedicated hospital. At the time, medical schools did not require
hospital study before granting a degree, and students graduated
without ever seeing a patient. Eventually, as the curriculum expanded
to require hospital experience, Emory’s need for a location
to train students grew.
Grady Hospital was just such a place.
Built as a memorial to Atlanta’s Henry Grady, it opened in
1892 as a 100-bed hospital dedicated to caring for the indigent
of the South.
Several medical schools opened, merged,
and closed during these years of rapid growth in Atlanta. AMC split
and merged twice during its first six decades, but in 1915, it transferred
its holding to Emory University. By 1917, Emory had added anatomy,
physiology, and chemistry buildings to its Druid Hills campus—then
in the far northeast corner of the city. Emory freshman and sophomore
medical students moved from the Grady campus to Druid Hills, while
junior and senior students remained downtown. The union of the SOM
and Grady was official. They were engaged. |
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After
only two years, the 1917 planning committee suggested that Emory
could not flourish as a divided campus. They wanted the center of
medical education to be either in Druid Hills or at Grady.
“A medical college without a
college-controlled hospital is like a chemistry department without
a laboratory,” reported Dean Elkin to Bishop W.A. Candler,
Emory’s chancellor, on April 30, 1917. “The interns
at the Grady hospital are under the control of the city and not
under the control of the college, and are not interested in the
students at all.” He felt the city-controlled hospital was
not a good place to teach Emory students. |
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Emory
leaders believed a hospital under their own control would remedy
the situation. Wesley Memorial Hospital, in downtown Atlanta, relocated
to the Druid Hills campus, upon the urging of Coca-Cola founder
Asa Candler. This facility became Emory University Hospital, where
Drs. Cyrus Strickler and Stewart Roberts rose to fame. However,
the move wasn’t successful at first because Atlantans chose
not to travel so far outside the city for admission to the hospital.
The students rarely rotated through the struggling facility. The
patients, after all, were at Grady.
Downtown continued to be the preferred
training locale for Emory’s junior and senior medical students.
Strickler taught students at Grady and was the first to use bedside
teaching for Emory students, becoming one of the many physicians
to make the trek between the divided campuses. Despite the two locations,
students knew their training was at Grady, and that’s where
they wanted it.
Abe Velkoff, an obstetrician who still
frequents Grady, was a medical student at Emory in the 1940s. His
final two years of training were based solely at Grady, and during
his GYN/OB residency at Grady, he lived in the original hospital
building and worked at a facility that stood where the current MRI
center is today. “Training at Grady for me was the best training
you could get,” he says.
Velkoff trained in the white ward
of Grady, for Grady was no exception in the segregated South. Across
the street, the SOM building served as the hospital for black patients.
Emory leased the facility to Grady for $1 a year. Starting in 1921,
Emory ran the black hospital, called the Emory Division of Grady
Memorial Hospital. This also was the year that the first Emory resident
started. Prior to that, the house staff were hired by Grady.
The hospital for black patients had
Emory’s full attention. Even though a hospital sprouted at
the main campus, the focus of clinical education maintained at Grady.
By court mandate, the medical students did not dare enter the white
hospital. Interestingly, as students began to teem at the Emory
Division of Grady, none would be seen at the white hospital across
the street until 1931. This change marked the beginning of the complete
unification of Grady facilities with Emory.
As far back as 1919, the NAACP in
Atlanta protested Grady’s lack of black doctors. Emory also
was criticized for the lack of black medical students and house
staff and was urged to integrate. But it wasn’t until 1962
that Emory accepted its first black medical student, Hamilton Holmes.
The first black intern came the following year. Grady itself integrated
in 1965, as did other hospitals in Atlanta. |
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When the Georgia Legislature created the
Fulton/DeKalb Hospital Authority (FDHA) in 1941, it hastened a legal
union between Grady and Emory. Replacing governance by the city,
the counties took control of Grady. In 1946, just after World War
II, Emory and Grady entered a contractual obligation that officially
was sealed in 1951.
Eugene Stead, who was recruited in
1942 as chair of the Department of Medicine, was surprised by the
arrangement he found. While he was indeed the chair of medicine,
he was not chief of the hospitals. Instead, two other people from
the counties ran “the Gradys.” “I was going to
live at Grady. I thought I would become the chief no matter what
anybody else told me,” says Stead, who still has vivid stories
to tell of those years. “And sure enough, that's exactly what
happened.”
The students and house staff flocked
to this formidable teacher. Stead acquired a staff of unparalleled
potential, created a rich environment of learning and teaching,
and generated a large amount of formidable research. He catapulted
Emory into greatness, according to longtime Grady nephrologist Elbert
Tuttle. But what Stead feels was his most important contribution
in his brief four years in Atlanta was a report to decide the fate
of the relationship between Emory and Grady. |
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The final recommendations of this
report called for the development of the medical school on the Druid
Hills campus while maintaining Grady as a teaching unit. Although
several years would pass before any action would be put in motion,
the report firmly places the future of the medical school at the
main campus.
The end result of this planning report
led to the formidable growth of Emory University Hospital, the development
of The Emory Clinic, the strengthening of the Winship Cancer Center,
and the commitment to research at the main campus. Grady still maintained
its place as the heart of the clinical training, the soul of the
Emory SOM. |
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On
February 18, 1956, Hughes Spalding, on the FDHA, “explored
the issue of running Grady without Emory and found it impossible.”
The long relationship of Emory and
Grady is full of controversies, rich stories, strife, and remarkable
advances. Formidable figures in medicine have come to both campuses:
Eugene Stead, Paul Beeson, J. Willis Hurst, Bruce Logue, Nanette
Wenger, Luella Klein, Harland Stone, Herbert Karp, Andre Nahmias,
Asa Yancey, Dan Thompson, Richard Blumberg, J.D. Martin, and many
more. These are the people, along with the FDHA, the Emory administration,
and the current faculty, who keep the marriage going.
Tracing the history of Grady and Emory
lends the case for a union that depends on two institutions, each
requiring the other partner to further the mission of continued
excellence in teaching, research, and clinical work. The addition
of the clinical training and faculty office building on the Grady
campus, supported fully by Emory dollars, has recently reaffirmed
the education of medical students and Emory’s commitment there.
In 1892, a mere two people served as house staff at Grady. There
were 50 who lived at Grady by 1936, with no full-time faculty members.
Now hundreds of faculty members, 950 residents and fellows, and
hundreds of students work
at least some time each year at Grady. More than 25% of Georgia’s
medical work force trained in the halls of Grady at some point. |
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The
sponsored research dollars for the Woodruff Health Sciences Center
totaled $300 million for 2002–2003. Many of these research
dollars have found their way to the Grady campus, including the
opening of the Grady Clinical Research Center in conjunction with
Morehouse School of Medicine under the leadership of Juha Kokko.
Additionally, Emory physicians provide
millions of dollars of uncompensated care to Grady each year. In
1900, Emory physicians saw 2,400 patients annually at Grady. By
1937, the patient load had grown to 118,000. Today, an annual total
of more than 800,000 outpatient visits and 35,000 inpatients annually
require a dedicated staff of Emory and Morehouse physicians.
The bonds of this marriage may last
forever. Andy Agwunobi, the current CEO of Grady, maintains that
this partnership will only strengthen over time. “We work
together to help each other out,” he says. “I feel the
partnership between Grady and Emory will become stronger than ever.”
Personally, I hope we live through
any strife and acknowledge the powerful role each has in the life
of the other. Together, we unite art and science, research and patient
care, and create an environment that advances the practice of medicine
by stimulating the student, challenging the physician, curing the
patient, and enriching the community forever after. |
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